Monday, February 28, 2011

Hot Install Windowblinds 7

Corn: deity in Mesoamerican cultures


Clearly, when we refer to the history of the Mesoamerican peoples and their culture, we do from the point of view of the past, speak of cultures as the Olmec, Mayan or Aztec, is about the present, more alive today. Refer to these people is to do the idiosyncrasies of almost all Central American countries today, because in all the flame is of those ancient cultures that once flourished and magnificent as any in any other anywhere in the world, in a young earth, generous and fertile, but also cruel as far as nature is concerned.

An example, or the most obvious example is corn and everything that moves around. Where once the corn was the center of life of all Mesoamerican civilizations, do not believe he lost his total ownership and ceased to be with the passage of time or with new fashions and customs brought by the new times, no substituents which globalization has contributed to dethrone achieved as the primary basis for feeding the peoples of Mesoamerica.

different issue is the on religious faith, spiritual beliefs of the Mesoamerican modern societies have adapted themselves to these times, in which flows were imposed foreign monotheistic or exported, to the detriment of native or native, mostly animist and how empathetic and practices are me, because if there is something I share with the Hispanic cultures is the communion between nature and man, accepting to be part of it and thanking and fearing the same time dependence. No doubt, intelligent people, grateful and respectful of their habitat, environment and natural resources.

Still, there are currently many indigenous peoples who maintain their ancestral beliefs about corn in a constant struggle with the West that even syncretic, not just imposed on their gods, because they themselves do not no longer the life of the Indian. Believe in the God of rain, thunder or corn is like believing in its existence, it is they who will surrender, on which it depends for continued existence. No other spiritual God will ever get completely eradicate their animistic beliefs to their deities, so long as indigenous peoples continue to subsist in extreme poverty absolute. In the visible world of indigenous land plays a prominent role, viewing it as a living entity and worshiped as the Mother Earth. The same applies to corn, is its food, is his life, and few things are more important for the human being's existence.

One of those people who still believe in animism is the Kekchi, of Mayan descent, believe in your god Tzultaká (hill), they still believe he is alive and continues to assist them in growing their precious grain : corn. His beliefs are based on the hill is alive, that contains within it a god whose name is Tzultaká, the owner of the hill and all it contains, inside and outside. The hill is the one who gives the corn planted on it, trees, animals and birds that live and fly, all life around the mountain is provided by Tzultaká. He is the one who works, the broker, which it calls the Father God.

The village has a document fabulous Quiché, the Popol Vuh, which collects the mythology of the creation of man by the gods, mentioned in the stories of the highlands of Guatemala. It tells how the gods created all life on earth, that once the animals created heaven and earth called these creatures that invoke saying their names, but Gods only heard screams, cries and gurgles. The gods were not satisfied by what he heard and decided, as punishment, sending the animals to the forests and ravines, turning them into meat for food. After the failed first attempt decided to create a better than met their expectations and desires of men. But this first attempt to create man does not appear that they went well, as using an inappropriate material, created the earth and dissolved, devoid of force and motion and unable to reproduce. Tried again, but this time with wooden bunting, and likewise the first gaps were created, in this case could speak, move and reproduce, but their meat was no blood or substance and had no soul or mind, which made them wander the earth aimlessly. Faced with so much disappointment, the gods decided to destroy all creation, and again they discussed trying to find clarity of thought necessary. So they sent the coyote, the wild cat, the parrot and the crow chocoyo bring the yellow corn and Cayalá Paxil. Once ground the corn dough made with nine drinks, which created the blood and flesh of the first man and first woman, and this time they were satisfied because they had created wonderful creatures can reproduce, recognize, praise and fed with their offerings.

According to Mayan mythology, corn was given to men by the gods to eat, but it is he who must be cultivated. Corn grows in the ground but needs care, take care, feeding the same corn to magnify themselves and provide their benefits. To-nacayo is what they called maize Huastecapan the ancient inhabitants of the first who cultivated it, and the Aztecs became tsintli name calling, referring to the food of the gods or teosintli. Nahua mythology also points to emerged corn as the body of a god. In the Historie du Mechique, early colonial document, are: "God called Piltzintecuhtli, Xochipilli it, had a son to Cinteotl. (...) The child god sank into the earth to produce different vegetables useful to man. Her hair is so out of cotton, of a plant called huauhtzontli ear, the nose of chia fingers, sweet potatoes and the rest of the body many other fruits. In his most outstanding is the god your given name, Cinteotl (god ear). "(López Austin, 2003).






Saturday, February 19, 2011

Indian Women No Saree Boobs

Corn: the basis of the Mesoamerican civilizations


Currently no have no doubt, it is clear where the first settlers of the Americas, as well as the steps that followed those Asian men, nomadic hunters who followed the path of large prehistoric mammals after crossing the Bering Strait. Too many years and events have happened since then to the memory of the men kept alive the historical heritage through oral tradition. You probably already have passed the 30,000 years since then, from the Pleistocene epoch, in the era of ice ages. 9,000 years later, the direct descendants of the early hunters settled in Mesoamerica. 21,000 years ago used the stone and obsidian fire, arrived with dogs. Still do not know if I used the bow and arrow to hunt or just missiles, although it seems apparent that wove ropes and fishing nets. Their lives are developed in a context archaic wild or in a transition period that would usher in the era of civilization with the birth of pottery and agriculture.

3,500 years before our era, in Mesoamerica, the man enters a new phase with the birth of agriculture and open the path of inactivity. Villagers consume and cultivate different kinds of avocados, seeds of mesquite, amaranth, pears, peppers, squash, beans, plums, cosahuico, several species of acacia and corn, the staple food and food which would bear fruit all Mesoamerican cultures and civilizations.

Huastecapan The ancient settlers were the first domesticated and cultivated corn, they called to-nacayo, which means "our flesh", supported by a caption that said the man was made by the gods only corn. Its cultivation dates back more than 7,000 old, and although its origin is a mystery, we know that is a hybrid born of the Euchlaena Iuxurians (which the Aztecs called tsintli, referring to gods or teosintli), a wild herb , and Tripsacum spp, or Gamma Grass, whose mixture is derived from Zea luxurians, which is found only in Guatemala and Nicaragua. Zea Mais Is the variety for cultivation of maize. Guillermo Bonfil Batalla said: "Corn is a human plant, cultural in the deepest sense of the term, because there is no intelligent and timely intervention of the hand is not able to reproduce itself. Rather than tame, the corn plant was created by human labor. "

For all Mesoamerican cultures corn has had an important relevance to the point of relating it to their own gods and make it the main axis around which moved and evolved civilization. While in ancient Europe were cultivated wheat and barley, and in China, Japan and India rice in America Olmecs corn growing around the Middle Preclassic. To the Maya maize was the most important thing, besides being the basis of their daily diet was the cause of their astronomical and calendrical breakthroughs, which was supported religious faith and its architecture and the material with which the gods shaped their muscles and bones. Everything revolved around him, was the epicenter of the Maya world.

Being primarily farmers and depend on subsistence crops, especially maize, which became the reason for studying the events in the changing seasons, giving the utmost importance to the entry and exit of the rains. As your calendar, one of the most brilliant achievements of mankind, was due originally to the need to know the precise time when they had to dismount, contact, planting and harvesting.

religiosity also Maya was conceived around the cultivation of corn and the deities that govern its growth: the rain gods, the gods of wind, sun gods, guardians of the milpa and plant growth, which they built large temples. Morley says "corn was the daily bread of pre-Columbian American Indian and continues to this day ". R. Girard, in Origin and development of ancient civilizations of America, 1977, also tells us that " in the heart of the region inhabited by the Mam, who are ethnological and linguistically, the oldest Mayan and indigenous in the country they inhabit, there is a place called paxil. Mam maintain the tradition that was born here in the corn, meaning that it was then first cultivated ". Likewise, in the Popol Vuh and the Annals of the Cackchiquel, highlighted that maize was discovered on Paxil, for the fertility of their lands.

sacred plant went spreading to new territories and taking it as such by subsequent cultures. Likewise, the Aztecs made corn the center of daily life and the foundation of their culture. Aztec mythical stories also conceived the corn as the main character, giving gifts and became gods. Fray Bernardino de Sahagun, in "General History of New Spain," said the superstitions which also had the corn is, in the appendix to the fifth book entitled "From the superstitions they used these natural" states: "corn before it throw in the pot to cook have to wheeze about it as giving encouragement to keep track of firing. They also said when corn was spilled on the ground, via which it was forced to take it, and that they took did not insult the corn, and corn was complaining to God, saying, Lord, punish me this was poured and I took it, or Dad hungry because I despise ... "


Sunday, February 6, 2011

Brown Bloody Discharge On Seasonique

Bosawás: the injured lung


Despite its dissemination in the media and the evidence that we see daily on the problem climate change on the planet, it seems that we are not aware of all the real danger posed not only to the plant world and its biological systems, but also for animal world and in the first place for the human race. This is the biggest threat ever faced by humanity, as experts have warned of climate, and as recognized by the United Nations in more than one occasion. If not remedied the situation seems we are doomed to our own demise, the absence of forms of life we \u200b\u200bcurrently enjoy and the conditions allow us to develop ourselves as a species. If we do not repair, sooner rather than later, we are doomed to failure, what we call the sixth extinction on the planet.

irresponsible
The first human being passes by the lack of respect for the environment environment, as if it were a removable case, as if it had the importance of sustained, as if it were not so necessary and atuviésemos alternatives to choose from in the case of murder and annihilation reach our host system. Respect nature as it is with our body, our own children, our descendants who are deserving of an inheritance more responsible.

Our irresponsibility leads to continually excuse the little we can do individually with the problem and we always hide in the blame to the big companies that degrade the environment by extracting natural resources from which even remain, especially in underdeveloped or developing countries, where corruption of their rulers, on the one hand, and the need of the people, on the other, are permissive and become complicit in this abuse of nature, against us themselves. It is true that not a single drop overflowing a glass, but part of it will leak fluid. The solution to the problem that besets us or detention of such irresponsibility, passes through the respect for our natural environment and the rejection and criticism of any nature intolerant attitude. We demand that the authorities of sustainable livelihoods development, while forcing us to ourselves to take a step forward in defense of our natural habitat.

Large forest areas, the so-called green lungs, are what allow us to continue forward in our way of life and, unfortunately, every day there are fewer large areas that serve as a natural shield, we ourselves are causing global warming they become unbearable our existence on this planet who generously welcomed us and despots have done us and mistreat.

One of these is Bosawás large green lungs, in Nicaragua, the third largest natural reserve in the world, the largest in Central America and the heart of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Degradation that is suffering this great wooded area has been alert to environmental experts. However, despite the fact that the Nicaraguan government has not, or at least does not disclose its policies for dealing with this evil, yes there are a number of projects under way since early this decade. Various civil society organizations, and even the government, working to adapt to new circumstances posed by global warming. There are plans to prevent major forest fires, or that cows do not pollute the atmosphere with much flatulence, besides the use of the great Lake Nicaragua for potable or irrigation water to drought problems.

However, these projects will only serve to mitigate the climate impact at the local level, by contrast, while there is an environmental management model to develop, the interference of settlers in the reserve is causing more problems than it could be resolved with initiatives. This beautiful and vast nature reserve, which ensures oxygen to the American and the rest of the world, has been kept for centuries by ethnic Mayangnas Miskito and shared by the departments of Jinotega, Nueva Segovia and the North Atlantic Autonomous Region, in municipalities of Siuna, Rosita, Bonanza, Wasp, and San Jose Wiwilí Bocay. This natural paradise of virgin forest has an extension 20 square kilometers, almost the territory of El Salvador, and was declared by UNESCO in October 1997, a World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve. Bosawás has the best preserved forest in Central America, comprising more than 270 types of plants with attributes food, ornamental and medicinal fauna hosts over 200 species of vertebrates and invertebrates, as quetzales, scarlet macaws, harpy eagles, toucans, pumas , jaguars, tapirs, peccaries, peccaries, and other types of animals, most of which serve as food for the indigenous

Hunger and poverty has been the worst enemy that have faced these indigenous groups. To survive have had to fight against diseases without medical care, lack of drinking water and sanitation systems or networks, lack of schools and many other basic problems, however, always had respect and care for the reserve that their ancestors left them, knowing the importance is the environment in which live for their survival. Instead, it has not been the same respect for the natural environment by successive governments, which for many years they have forgotten their people and only remembered the contributions that could generate substantial reserve, devoted to permits authorizing the destruction of forests forest harvesting, talándose large tracts of trees, especially in the 90's.

War of 80 triggered a wave of Indian migrants to Honduras, which at the end of armed confrontation and return to their lands, they found that the mestizos of the Pacific coast, supported by successive governments, had invaded their damaged lands and reservation. The excuse by the institutions, regarding the arrival of settlers on the reservation, was that they were from poor families and the objective of giving the possibility of a decent livelihood, but it seems that all families installed are sufficiently poor and without resources, and to have chainsaws to clear-cutting and carrying cattle an area so deep and so difficult of access, even walking without a load. It is not known exactly how many families of settlers living inside the park, according to the Indian Territorial Government are estimated at more than one family dwelling within the area declared a Biosphere Reserve.

The truth is that, between them the house without sweeping, such as mayors permissive Siuna, Julian Gaitan, who is deaf to the issue thinking more votes than the problem, which in turn accuses the Indians to sell land without papers or documents that recognize, and with each other financial institutions to grant bank loans to develop livestock business and farming within the reserve. Nonsense Meanwhile, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, MARENA, silent, gives, while chain saws do not stop in deforestation, seriously injuring a green lung. The only people who seem to defend the Nicaraguan paradise are the six existing rangers, most of them indigenous, who share Bosawás surveillance, which means they have about 3,000 square kilometers to monitor each, with a salary of 2500 cords, a $ 125 per month, unarmed and with a precarious environmental knowledge.